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Kublai (or Khubilai) Khan (pinyin: HÅ«bìliè, (September 23, 1215 – February 18, 1294) was the fifth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1294 and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in East Asia. As the second son of Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki and a grandson of Genghis Khan, he claimed the title of Khagan of the Ikh Mongol Uls (Mongol Empire).<br/><br/> In 1271, Kublai established the Yuan Dynasty, which at that time ruled over present-day Mongolia, Tibet, Eastern Turkestan, North China, much of Western China, and some adjacent areas, and assumed the role of Emperor of China. By 1279, the Yuan forces had successfully annihilated the last resistance of the Southern Song Dynasty, and Kublai thus became the first non-Chinese Emperor who conquered all China. He was the only Mongol khan after 1260 to win new great conquests.<br/><br/> Kublai, the youngest brother of Mongkhe Khan, was born in 1215, the blue pig year. He assumed the throne in 1260, the white monkey year. Kublai Khan transferred the political centre of the Mongolian Empire to Beijing in the south and founded the Chinese Yuan dynasty. Kublai Khan passed away in 1294, the blue horse year.
Kublai (or Khubilai) Khan (pinyin: HÅ«bìliè, (September 23, 1215 – February 18, 1294) was the fifth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1294 and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in East Asia. As the second son of Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki and a grandson of Genghis Khan, he claimed the title of Khagan of the Ikh Mongol Uls (Mongol Empire).<br/><br/> In 1271, Kublai established the Yuan Dynasty, which at that time ruled over present-day Mongolia, Tibet, Eastern Turkestan, North China, much of Western China, and some adjacent areas, and assumed the role of Emperor of China. By 1279, the Yuan forces had successfully annihilated the last resistance of the Southern Song Dynasty, and Kublai thus became the first non-Chinese Emperor who conquered all China. He was the only Mongol khan after 1260 to win new great conquests.<br/><br/> Mongolian Information: Kublai, the youngest brother of Mongkhe Khan, was born in 1215, the blue pig year,He assumed the throne in 1260,the white monkey year. Kublai Khan transferred the political centre of the Mongolian Empire to Beijing in the south and founded the Chinese Yuan dynasty. Kublai Khan passed away in 1294, the blue horse year.
Kublai (or Khubilai) Khan (pinyin: HÅ«bìliè, (September 23, 1215 – February 18, 1294) was the fifth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1294 and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in East Asia. As the second son of Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki and a grandson of Genghis Khan, he claimed the title of Khagan of the Ikh Mongol Uls (Mongol Empire).<br/><br/> In 1271, Kublai established the Yuan Dynasty, which at that time ruled over present-day Mongolia, Tibet, Eastern Turkestan, North China, much of Western China, and some adjacent areas, and assumed the role of Emperor of China. By 1279, the Yuan forces had successfully annihilated the last resistance of the Southern Song Dynasty, and Kublai thus became the first non-Chinese Emperor who conquered all China. He was the only Mongol khan after 1260 to win new great conquests.<br/><br/> Kublai, the youngest brother of Mongkhe Khan, was born in 1215, the blue pig year. He assumed the throne in 1260, the white monkey year. Kublai Khan transferred the political centre of the Mongolian Empire to Beijing in the south and founded the Chinese Yuan dynasty. Kublai Khan passed away in 1294, the blue horse year.
Genghis Khan (1162–1227), born Borjigin Temujin, was the founder, Khan (ruler) and Khagan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed 'Genghis Khan', he began the Mongol invasions that would ultimately result in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in Khwarezmia. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.<br/><br/> The founder of the Mongolian State, Temujin Genghis Khan, was born in 1162, the black horse year, in Deluunboldog on the bank of river Onon, Hentei Aimag as the eldest son of Yesuhey Baatar and princess Oulun. He assumed the throne in 1206, the red tiger year, and passed away in 1227, the red pig year. The first capital of his empire was in Hudou aral on the Herlen River, present day Avarga Toson.
Buyantu Khan, also known as Emperor Renzong of Yuan (April 9, 1285 – March 1, 1320), born Ayurbarwada, was an Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, and is regarded as the eighth Khagan of the Mongols in Mongolia. Ayurbarwada was the first Mongolian emperor who actively supported and promoted Han Chinese culture. He was mentored by Confucian academic Li Meng, succeeded peacefully to the throne and reversed his older brother Khayisan's policies. More important, Ayurbarwada reinstituted the civil service examination system in the Yuan.<br/><br/> Ayurbarbada Buyantu Khan, the third son of Darambal, was born in 1285, the blue hen year. He acceded to the throne in 1012 and died in 1002, the white monkey year.
Genghis Khan (1162–1227), born Borjigin Temujin, was the founder, Khan (ruler) and Khagan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed 'Genghis Khan', he began the Mongol invasions that would ultimately result in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in Khwarezmia. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.<br/><br/> The founder of the Mongolian State, Temujin Genghis Khan, was born in 1162, the black horse year, in Deluunboldog on the bank of river Onon, Hentei Aimag as the eldest son of Yesuhey Baatar and princess Oulun. He assumed the throne in 1206, the red tiger year, and passed away in 1227, the red pig year. The first capital of his empire was in Hudou aral on the Herlen River, present day Avarga Toson.
Ragibagh (Arigabag) was a son of Yesun Temur who was briefly installed to the throne of the Yuan Dynasty in Shangdu in 1328. Although he should have been the seventh ruler of the Yuan Dynasty in succession to his father Yesun Temur Khan, or Emperor Taiding, he was dethroned by his rival who was installed by coup before Ragibagh's succession. He is regarded as the 11th Khagan of the Borjigin Empire in Mongolia.<br/><br/> The eldest son of Yesun Temur, Ragibagh was born in 1320, the year of the white monkey. At the end of 1328, the yellow dragon year, he assumed the throne, but only a month later he was dethroned.
Kulug Khan (August 4, 1281 – January 27, 1311), was an Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, and is regarded as the seventh Khagan of the Mongols in Mongolia.<br/><br/> Also styled Haisan Huleg Khan, the son of Darambal, the son of Chingem, he was born in 1281, the white snake year. He was enthroned in 1308,the white pig year.
Kublai (or Khubilai) Khan (pinyin: HÅ«bìliè, (September 23, 1215 – February 18, 1294) was the fifth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1294 and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in East Asia. As the second son of Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki and a grandson of Genghis Khan, he claimed the title of Khagan of the Ikh Mongol Uls (Mongol Empire).<br/><br/> In 1271, Kublai established the Yuan Dynasty, which at that time ruled over present-day Mongolia, Tibet, Eastern Turkestan, North China, much of Western China, and some adjacent areas, and assumed the role of Emperor of China. By 1279, the Yuan forces had successfully annihilated the last resistance of the Southern Song Dynasty, and Kublai thus became the first non-Chinese Emperor who conquered all China. He was the only Mongol khan after 1260 to win new great conquests.<br/><br/> Kublai, the youngest brother of Mongkhe Khan, was born in 1215, the blue pig year. He assumed the throne in 1260, the white monkey year. Kublai Khan transferred the political centre of the Mongolian Empire to Beijing in the south and founded the Chinese Yuan dynasty. Kublai Khan passed away in 1294, the blue horse year.
Rinchinbal (1326-December 14, 1332), was a son of Kusala who was briefly installed to the throne of the Yuan Dynasty, but died soon after he seized the throne of Khagan of the Mongols and Emperor of China. He was the shortest-reigning monarch in the imperial history of Mongolia.<br/><br/> Rinchinbal Khan, the son of Huslen Khan, was born in 1325, the red tiger year. In1332, the black monkey year, he assumed the throne and two months later he passed away.
Jayaatu Khan ( February 16, 1304 – September 2, 1332), was an Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, and is regarded as the 12th Khagan of the Mongols in Mongolia. He first ruled from October 16, 1328 to February 27, 1329, and then from September 8, 1329 to September 2, 1332.<br/><br/> Jayaatu, also known as Tov Temur Khan, was born in 1304, the blue dragon year. He was second son of Haisan. In 1329, the yellow snake year, he assumed the throne and passed away in 1332, the black monkey year.
Ogedei Khan (c. 1186 – December 11, 1241) was the third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan (Khagan) of the Mongol Empire by succeeding his father. He continued the expansion of the empire that his father had begun, and was a world figure when the Mongol Empire reached its farthest extent west and south during the invasions of Europe and Asia. Like all of Genghis' primary sons, he participated extensively in conquests in China, Iran and Central Asia.<br/><br/> After the death of Genghis Khan, his youngest son Tolui acted as the temporary head of state affairs until in 1228, yellow cattle year, the third son of Genghis Khan, Ogedei was enthroned by the Great Assemblage held in Hudeearal on the river Herlen. Ogedei was born in 1187,the red horse year, and from the age of 17 he began to contribute to the strenghening of state affairs. Ogedei Khan improved the organizational form of the state, finished the construction of Karakorum city begun by his father Genghis Khan and made it the capital of the Mongolian Empire. Ogedei Khan passed away in 1241, the white cattle year, at the age of 56.
Temur Khan (October 15, 1265-February 10, 1307), also spelled Timur, was the second leader of the Yuan Dynasty between May 10, 1294 and February 10, 1307, and is considered as the sixth Great Khan of the Mongols in Mongolia. He was a son of the Crown Prince Zhenjin and the grandson of Kublai Khan. During his rule, the Tran, Pagan and Champa dynasties and western khanates of the Mongol Empire accepted his supremacy.<br/><br/> Temur Khan,the third son of Chingem who was the eldest son of Kub lai Khan, was born in 1265, the blue cattle year. In 1294, the blue horse year, he became Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty and in 1007, the red sheep year, he passed away.
Rinchinbal (1326-December 14, 1332), was a son of Kusala who was briefly installed to the throne of the Yuan Dynasty, but died soon after he seized the throne of Khagan of the Mongols and Emperor of China. He was the shortest-reigning monarch in the imperial history of Mongolia.<br/><br/> Rinchinbal Khan, the son of Huslen Khan, was born in 1325, the red tiger year. In1332, the black monkey year, he assumed the throne and two months later he passed away.
Buyantu Khan, also known as Emperor Renzong of Yuan (April 9, 1285 – March 1, 1320), born Ayurbarwada, was an Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, and is regarded as the eighth Khagan of the Mongols in Mongolia. Ayurbarwada was the first Mongolian emperor who actively supported and promoted Han Chinese culture. He was mentored by Confucian academic Li Meng, succeeded peacefully to the throne and reversed his older brother Khayisan's policies. More important, Ayurbarwada reinstituted the civil service examination system in the Yuan.<br/><br/> Ayurbarbada Buyantu Khan, the third son of Darambal, was born in 1285, the blue hen year. He acceded to the throne in 1012 and died in 1002, the white monkey year.
Kulug Khan (August 4, 1281 – January 27, 1311), was an Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, and is regarded as the seventh Khagan of the Mongols in Mongolia.<br/><br/> Also styled Haisan Huleg Khan, the son of Darambal, the son of Chingem, he was born in 1281, the white snake year. He was enthroned in 1308,the white pig year.
Yesun Temur (November 28, 1293 – August 15, 1328) was a great-grandson of Kublai Khan and ruled as Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty from 1323 to 1328. He is regarded as the 10th Khagan of the Mongols in Mongolia. He was the emperor visited by the Franciscan monk Odoric, who left an excellent record of his travels.<br/><br/> Yesun Temur Khan was born in 1276, the black snake year. He was the second son of Gamal, the son of Chingem. In1324, the black pig year, he assumed the throne and passed away in 1328, the yellow dragon year.
Gegeen Khan (February 22, 1303 – September 4, 1323), was the successor of Ayurbarwada and ruled as Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. He is regarded as the ninth Borjigin Khagan of the Mongols in Mongolia.<br/><br/> Shidubal Gegeen, the son of Buyant Khan, was born in 1303, the black horse year. He was enthroned in 1321 and passed away in 1024, the blue rat year.
Genghis Khan (1162–1227), born Borjigin Temujin, was the founder, Khan (ruler) and Khagan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed 'Genghis Khan', he began the Mongol invasions that would ultimately result in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in Khwarezmia. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.<br/><br/> The founder of the Mongolian State, Temujin Genghis Khan, was born in 1162, the black horse year, in Deluunboldog on the bank of river Onon, Hentei Aimag as the eldest son of Yesuhey Baatar and princess Oulun. He assumed the throne in 1206, the red tiger year, and passed away in 1227, the red pig year. The first capital of his empire was in Hudou aral on the Herlen River, present day Avarga Toson.
Kublai (or Khubilai) Khan (pinyin: HÅ«bìliè, (September 23, 1215 – February 18, 1294) was the fifth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1294 and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in East Asia. As the second son of Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki and a grandson of Genghis Khan, he claimed the title of Khagan of the Ikh Mongol Uls (Mongol Empire).<br/><br/> In 1271, Kublai established the Yuan Dynasty, which at that time ruled over present-day Mongolia, Tibet, Eastern Turkestan, North China, much of Western China, and some adjacent areas, and assumed the role of Emperor of China. By 1279, the Yuan forces had successfully annihilated the last resistance of the Southern Song Dynasty, and Kublai thus became the first non-Chinese Emperor who conquered all China. He was the only Mongol khan after 1260 to win new great conquests.<br/><br/> Kublai, the youngest brother of Mongkhe Khan, was born in 1215, the blue pig year. He assumed the throne in 1260, the white monkey year. Kublai Khan transferred the political centre of the Mongolian Empire to Beijing in the south and founded the Chinese Yuan dynasty. Kublai Khan passed away in 1294, the blue horse year.
Khatun (Persian; Turkish: Hatun) is a female title of nobility and equivalent to male 'khan' prominently used in the First Turkish Empire and in the subsequent Mongol Empire. It is equivalent to queen or empress.
Khatun (Persian; Turkish: Hatun) is a female title of nobility and equivalent to male 'khan' prominently used in the First Turkish Empire and in the subsequent Mongol Empire. It is equivalent to queen or empress.
Khatun (Persian; Turkish: Hatun) is a female title of nobility and equivalent to male 'khan' prominently used in the First Turkish Empire and in the subsequent Mongol Empire. It is equivalent to queen or empress.
Khatun (Persian; Turkish: Hatun) is a female title of nobility and equivalent to male 'khan' prominently used in the First Turkish Empire and in the subsequent Mongol Empire. It is equivalent to queen or empress.
Khatun (Persian; Turkish: Hatun) is a female title of nobility and equivalent to male 'khan' prominently used in the First Turkish Empire and in the subsequent Mongol Empire. It is equivalent to queen or empress.
Khatun (Persian; Turkish: Hatun) is a female title of nobility and equivalent to male 'khan' prominently used in the First Turkish Empire and in the subsequent Mongol Empire. It is equivalent to queen or empress.
Jayaatu Khan ( February 16, 1304 – September 2, 1332), was an Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, and is regarded as the 12th Khagan of the Mongols in Mongolia. He first ruled from October 16, 1328 to February 27, 1329, and then from September 8, 1329 to September 2, 1332.<br/><br/> Jayaatu, also known as Tov Temur Khan, was born in 1304, the blue dragon year. He was second son of Haisan. In 1329, the yellow snake year, he assumed the throne and passed away in 1332, the black monkey year.
Temur Khan (October 15, 1265-February 10, 1307), also spelled Timur, was the second leader of the Yuan Dynasty between May 10, 1294 and February 10, 1307, and is considered as the sixth Great Khan of the Mongols in Mongolia. He was a son of the Crown Prince Zhenjin and the grandson of Kublai Khan. During his rule, the Tran, Pagan and Champa dynasties and western khanates of the Mongol Empire accepted his supremacy.<br/><br/> Temur Khan,the third son of Chingem who was the eldest son of Kub lai Khan, was born in 1265, the blue cattle year. In 1294, the blue horse year, he became Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty and in 1007, the red sheep year, he passed away.
Khutughtu Khan (December 22, 1300 – August 30, 1329), born Kusala, was a son of Khayishan who briefly ascended to the throne of the Yuan Dynasty in 1329, but died soon after he seized the throne of Khagan.<br/><br/> Khutughtu, also known as Huslen Khan, the eldest son of Haisan Khan, was born in 1300, the white rat year. He was enthroned as Khan in 1329 and died the same year.
Toghun Temur, also known as Ukhaantu Khan (May 25, 1320 – May 23, 1370), was a son of Kusala who ruled as Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, and is considered as the last Khagan of the Mongol Empire. During the latter years of his reign, the Mongols lost effective control over China to the Ming Dynasty. He was a Buddhist student of Karmapas and is considered as a previous incarnation of Tai Situpa.<br/><br/> Toghun Temur Khan,the eldest brother of Rinchinbal, was born in 1320, the white monkey year. He assumed the throne in 1333, the black hen year, and passed away in 1370, the white dog year.
Batu Khan (c. 1207–1255) was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Ulus of Jochi (or Golden Horde), the sub-khanate of the Mongol Empire. Batu was a son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. His ulus was the chief state of the Golden Horde (or Kipchak Khanate), which ruled Rus and the Caucasus for around 250 years, after also destroying the armies of Poland and Hungary. After the deaths of Genghis Khan's sons, he became the most respected prince called agha (elder brother) in the Mongol Empire.
Mongke Khan (January 10, 1209 – August 11, 1259 ), was the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from July 1, 1251 – August 11, 1259. He was the first Great Khan from the Toluid line. Under Mongke, the Mongols conquered Iraq and Syria as well as the Tai kingdom of Nanzhao. He made significant reforms to improve the administration of the Empire.<br/><br/> Mongke Khan,the eldest son of Genghis Khan's youngest son Tolui, was born in 1208, the yellow dragon year. In 1251, the white pig year,he assumed the throne. He was a great statesman who made the Mongolian State the biggest empire in the world and managed to maintain its integrity. Mongke Khan died in 1258, the yellow sheep year, during his invasion to conquer China.
Guyuk (or Kuyuk; 1206–1248) was the third Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. He was the eldest son of Ogedei Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, and reigned from 1246 to 1248.<br/><br/> Guyuk, the eldest son of Ugedei,was born in 1206,the red tiger year. He was elevated to the throne in1246. One of his many important measures was the first registration of the Mongolian population. In the field of foreign policy he followed his father and continued to conquer many other countries. Guyuk Khan passed away in 1248, the yellow monkey year.
Ogedei Khan (c. 1186 – December 11, 1241) was the third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan (Khagan) of the Mongol Empire by succeeding his father. He continued the expansion of the empire that his father had begun, and was a world figure when the Mongol Empire reached its farthest extent west and south during the invasions of Europe and Asia. Like all of Genghis' primary sons, he participated extensively in conquests in China, Iran and Central Asia.<br/><br/> After the death of Genghis Khan, his youngest son Tolui acted as the temporary head of state affairs until in 1228, yellow cattle year, the third son of Genghis Khan, Ogedei was enthroned by the Great Assemblage held in Hudeearal on the river Herlen. Ogedei was born in 1187,the red horse year, and from the age of 17 he began to contribute to the strenghening of state affairs. Ogedei Khan improved the organizational form of the state, finished the construction of Karakorum city begun by his father Genghis Khan and made it the capital of the Mongolian Empire. Ogedei Khan passed away in 1241, the white cattle year, at the age of 56.
Genghis Khan (1162–1227), born Borjigin Temujin, was the founder, Khan (ruler) and Khagan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed 'Genghis Khan', he began the Mongol invasions that would ultimately result in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in Khwarezmia. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.<br/><br/> The founder of the Mongolian State, Temujin Genghis Khan, was born in 1162, the black horse year, in Deluunboldog on the bank of river Onon, Hentei Aimag as the eldest son of Yesuhey Baatar and princess Oulun. He assumed the throne in 1206, the red tiger year, and passed away in 1227, the red pig year. The first capital of his empire was in Hudou aral on the Herlen River, present day Avarga Toson.
In 1220 Genghis Khan sacked Balkh, butchered its inhabitants and levelled all the buildings capable of defense — treatment to which it was again subjected in the 14th century by Timur. Notwithstanding this, however, Marco Polo could still describe it as &quot;a noble city and a great seat of learning. In the 16th century the Uzbeks entered Balkh. The Moghul Shah Jahan fruitlessly fought them there for several years in the 1640s. Balkh was the government seat of Aurangzeb in his youth. In 1736 it was conquered by Nadir Shah. Under the Durani monarchy it fell into the hands of the Afghans; it was conquered by Shah Murad of Kunduz in 1820, and for some time was subject to the Emirate of Bukhara. In 1850, Dost Mohammad Khan, the Emir of Afghanistan, captured Balkh, and from that time it remained under Afghan rule. In 1866, Balkh lost its administrative status to the neighboring city of Mazar-e Sharif.
Kublai (or Khubilai) Khan (pinyin: HÅ«bìliè, (September 23, 1215 – February 18, 1294) was the fifth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1294 and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in East Asia. As the second son of Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki and a grandson of Genghis Khan, he claimed the title of Khagan of the Ikh Mongol Uls (Mongol Empire).<br/><br/> In 1271, Kublai established the Yuan Dynasty, which at that time ruled over present-day Mongolia, Tibet, Eastern Turkestan, North China, much of Western China, and some adjacent areas, and assumed the role of Emperor of China. By 1279, the Yuan forces had successfully annihilated the last resistance of the Southern Song Dynasty, and Kublai thus became the first non-Chinese Emperor who conquered all China. He was the only Mongol khan after 1260 to win new great conquests.<br/><br/> Mongolian Information: Kublai, the youngest brother of Mongkhe Khan, was born in 1215, the blue pig year,He assumed the throne in 1260,the white monkey year. Kublai Khan transferred the political centre of the Mongolian Empire to Beijing in the south and founded the Chinese Yuan dynasty. Kublai Khan passed away in 1294, the blue horse year.
Sorghaghtani Beki or Bekhi, also written Sorkaktani, Sorkhokhtani, Sorkhogtani, Siyurkuktiti (c. 1198-1252), a Kereyid princess of the Nestorian Christian faith and daughter-in-law of Temujin (later known as Genghis Khan), was one of the most powerful and competent women in the Mongol Empire. Married to Tolui, Genghis' youngest son, she raised her sons to be leaders, and maneuvered the family politics so that all four of her sons, Mongke Khan, Hulagu Khan, Ariq Boke, and Kublai Khan, were to inherit the legacy of their grandfather. As a moving spirit behind the Mongol Empire, Sorghaghtani is responsible for much of the trade openings and intellectual exchange made possible by this, the largest contiguous empire in world history. As such, she may count among the most influential women in world history.
Letter from Oljaitu to Philippe le Bel, 1305. The text reads in part: 'Oljeitu Sultan our word. To the Iridfarans (King of France) Sultan. How could it be forgotten that from ancient times all you sultans of the Frank citizens have dealt peacefully with our good great-grandfather (Hulegu Khan), good grandfather (Abaga Khan), good father (Arghun Khan) and good brother (Ghazan Khan), esteeming us near although you are far, pronouncing your various words and sending your ambassadors and gifts of health-wishing... Our nation has been interlocked (peacefully connected) from the land of the Nankhiyas (plural for 'Chinese') where the sun rises to the Talu Ocean (Mediterranean Sea) and our roads have been tied together'.